Sexual Exploitation or Retailing

Sexual Exploitation: Rape, Child Sexual Abuse, and Workplace Harassment, Vol. 155

Author: Diane E Russell

"In every field there are a few conceptual thinkers who are able to compile what is known about a subject in ways that advance us to the next level of knowledge. Diana Russell is such a scholar, and this book represents such a step. By presenting the findings from her own ground-breaking research on the prevalence of rape and child sexual abuse in the context of the major causative theories of our time, she has provided an unparalleled synthesis of the magnitude and causes of sexual exploitation. This book represents an eloquent diagnosis of an untreated societal disease of epidemic proportions." --Kee MacFarlane, Director, Child Sexual Abuse Diagnostic Center, Children's InstituteInternational, Los Angeles "The discussion . . . on the causes of child sexual abuse is the best I have seen. It is clear that this abuse is going to occupy considerably more attention than it has done previously. Russell's analysis should establish itself as an essential source for all who work in the area, or think about it." --Annual Survey of Family Law "Offers (along with an extensive review of the literature on all three forms of exploitation and a feminist critique of non-feminist work in the field) . . . a substantial and fascinating body of information about women's experience of rape and sexual abuse. . . . Well worth reading." --The Women's Review of Books "Challenges us to face the fact that this culture's notion of masculinity--particularly as it is applied to sexuality--predisposes men to violence, to rape, to sexual harassment, and to the sexual abuse of children. . . . Russell establishes sexual victimization as a unitary phenomenon with several interrelated manifestations that arelinked by their causal commonalities. This, in itself, is a new and important contribution to our understanding of the problem. However, Russell does not stop here. She uses this perspective to illuminate a primary causal factor that cuts to the core of sexual abuse--a factor that, as a society, we are reluctant to see--perhaps because its implications are too threatening to the current social order." --Response "A powerful statement on the truly epidemic proportions of rape and other forms of sexual exploitation." --Lynda Lytle Holmstrom, Professor of Sociology, Boston College "Diana E.H. Russell's superb analysis of empirical research on several forms of sexual exploitation is as insightful as it is comprehensive. Including the important new information from her own unparalleled study, Russell's critical synthesis doubles as a reference update and a stimulating yet balanced contribution to the debate on sexuality and violence." --Catharine A. MacKinnon, Associate Professor, University of Minnesota Law School "An impressive reference book for students new to the subject area of sexual exploitation and its prevalence and incidence. . . . Diana Russell's book is important. It provides a basis from which I hope, others will start to analyze the links between sexual exploitation and patriarchal attitudes in our society. In the process, many of the myths surrounding sexual exploitation may be shattered once and for all." --Youth & Policy "Because of all the literature she has integrated, Russell's book is an invaluable resource. Her survey on sexual assault is the best that's been done. With this book, the impressive findings from that survey are finally available to the public and professionals. Russell convincingly shows that sexual exploitation occurs in mammoth proportions, and she presents the first hard data to answer dozens of questions that up until now have only been the subject of heated debate. This is a giant step forward in our accumulation of knowledge about rape, sexual abuse, and sexual harassment." --David Finkelhor, University of New Hampshire

Table of Contents:

Acknowledgments15
	Introduction	19
Part I	Rape: Prevalence, Social and Psychological Characteristics
1.	The Incidence and Prevalence of Rape	29
	National Surveys of Reported and Unreported Rape	31
	The Russell San Francisco Survey	34
	Rape Incidence Rates Compared	41
	The Probability of Rape	48
	Is the Rape Rate Increasing in the United States?	52
	The Prevalence of Rape by Different Types of Perpetrators	57
	Conclusion: Rape as an Epidemic	62
2.	Male Rape and Female Rapists	67
	Male Rape by Females	67
	Male Rape in Prison	69
	Male Rape of Males Outside Prison	71
	Rape of Men by Homosexual Men	73
	Homophobic Violence Against Gays	76
	Rape of Women by Lesbians	76
3.	Social Characteristics of Rape Victims and Rapists	79
	The Victims of Rape	79
	The Rapists	88
	Reported and Unreported Rape Compared	96
4.	Psychological Characteristics of Rapists	103
	Paul Gebhard et al.'s Typology	103
	Richard Rada's Typology	105
	Nicholas Groth's Typology	106
	Diana Scully and Joseph Marolla's Typology	108
Part II	The Causes of Rape
5.	Factors Creating a Predisposition to Rape	111
	The Biological Capacity and Desire of Men to Rape	111
	Childhool Sexual Abuse Histories of Sexual Offenders	114
	Male Sex-Role Socialization	117
	Effects of Exposure to Pornography	123
	Effects of Exposure to Mass Media that Encourage Rape	132
	Rape as a Means of Social Control	134
6.	Factors Reducing Internal Inhibitions Against Rape	137
	Cultural Values that Encourage Rape	137
	Irresistible Impulse and Rape	145
	Psychopathology and Rape	146
	Alcohol Consumption and Rape	148
	Peer Pressure in Pair and Gang Rape	149
7.	Factors Reducing Social Inhibitions Against Rape	153
	The Power Disparity Between Men and Women	153
	Male Dominance Plus a Culture of Violence	155
	Ineffectiveness of the Institutions of Social Control	156
8.	Factors Reducing Potential Victim's Ability to Avoid Rape	161
	Socialization of Women as Victims	161
	Blaming the Victim: Victim-Precipitation Theories	164
	Women's Resistance to Rape Undermined by Fear of Murder	167
	Other Factors	167
Part III	Child Sexual Abuse: Prevalence and the Law
9.	Child Sexual Abuse and the Law	169
	Current Legal Statutes Concerning the Sexual Abuse of Children	169
	History of Legal Statutes	170
	Legal Statutes Concerning Incest	171
	The Russell Survey: Reported Cases of Child Sexual Abuse	172
10.	The Incidence and Prevalence of Child Sexual Abuse	177
	The Incidence and Prevalence of Incest and Extrafamilial Sexual Abuse of Children	177
	The Russell San Francisco Survey	180
	Sexual Abuse of Boys	194
	Is Sexual Abuse of Girls Increasing in the United States?	198
11.	The Gender Gap Among Perpetrators of
	Child Sexual Abuse	215
	Coauthored with David Finkelhor
	The Evidence: Studies Based on Reported Cases	216
	The Evidence: Studies Based on Self-Reports	219
	Rationale for Questioning the Magnitude of the Gender Gap	223
	Theories to Explain the Low Rate of Sexual Abuse by Women	228
Part IV	The Causes of Child Sexual Abuse
12.	Factors Creating Sexual Feelings Toward Children	233
	Adults' Biological Desire to Relate Sexually to Children	234
	Male Sex-Role Socialization	237
	Childhood Sexual Trauma and/or Experiences of Sexual Abuse by Adults	239
	Childhood Sexual Experiences with Other Children	241
	Effects of Exposure to Child Pornography	242
13.	Factors Reducing Internal Inhibitions Against
	Child Sexual Abuse	245
	Internalization of Cultural Values Sanctioning Sex with Children	245
	Poor Impulse Control or Inability to Defer Gratification	253
	Disease or Psychopathology	254
	Alcohol Consumption	257
	Perpetrators' Self-Perception as Powerless	257
	Perpetrators' Frustration in Sexual Relations	258
	Role Confusion	259
14.	Factors Reducing Social Inhibitions Against
	Child Sexual Abuse	261
	Male Supremacy and the Power Disparity Between Adults and Children	261
	Mother Who Is Absent, Sick, Powerless	263
	Familial Crowding or Sleeping Together	264
	Opportunities to Be Alone Together	265
	Familial Social Isolation	265
	Factors Reducing Potential Victim's Ability to Avoid Child Sexual Abuse	266
Part V	Sexual Harassment
15.	Sexual Harassment in the Workplace	269
	The Incidence of Sexual Harassment	269
	The Causes of Sexual Harassment	273
16.	Conclusion	283
	References	291
	Author Index	305
	Subject Index	311
	About the Author	319

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Retailing

Author: Patrick M Dunn

This 5th edition of RETAILING, like much of retailing itself, has undergone significant changes from prior editions. In fact, given the influence of the Internet, the continuing growth of the service industry, and the many changes in the world's economic systems, there has never been a more exciting time to study retailing. As a result, every chapter of this edition includes up-to-date coverage on the latest trends and practices in the industry. Once again, the new edition contains the conversational writing style that this text has always had.